An
Analysis of Introductory Words of Relative Clauses as Found in Sparkling
Magazine 18th Edition
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Abstract
This research entitled ”An
analysis of Introductory Words of Relative Clauses as Found in Sparkling
Magazine 18th Edition” is aimed to find the forms of introductory words of
relative clauses and to describe the functions of introductory words of relative
clauses as found in Sparkling magazine 18th edition. This research uses the
descriptive qualitative method because the writer does not apply any
quantitative analysis or statistical procedure. The technique used in
collecting the data is gathering data technique. In analyzing the data, the
writer applies metode agih and
descriptive method. The writer finds five
forms of introductory words of relative clauses used in Sparkling magazine 18th
edition. Three forms of relative pronouns are which, who and that and
two forms of relative adverbs are where and
why. And then, the writer finds two
functions of introductory words of relative clauses relative clauses, they are
nominal functions and adverbial functions.
Keywords:
Syntax, Clauses, Relative Clauses, Relative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs.
Introduction
Language is the main instrument of communication; it cannot be separated
from human being. In English, the rule to build sentence
is called grammar. Grammar is
a central term in linguistics, but one which covers a wide range of phenomena,
being used both in mass noun and count noun senses (Crystal, 2008: 243). Grammar is the important part of English sentence structure.
In linguistics, syntax is a study of sentences; it is about how to
formulate a well formed sentences. Syntax is the arrangement of and
relationship among words,
phrases,
and clauses forming sentences (Webster, 2002:1453). Then, syntax is the study of the structure of a sentence and
it’s ordering elements. It is a branch of linguistics that is concerned with
the study. According to Crystal (2008:471) syntax is “a traditional term for the study of the rules
governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language”. Thus, syntax is basically the structure of sentences
and the study of how
words combine to form grammatical sentences. Sentences have to follow certain
structural rules in order to make sense. In syntax, there are
some points that are discussed.
And the discussion
of syntax
includes clause, phrase,
and sentence.
Clause is a group of
words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence or part of
sentence (Hornby, 2006: 259). In other opinion “a clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb”
(Azar, 2003:343). So, a clause refers to a construction of words
that contains a subject and
a verb like
a sentence.
Phrase
is a term used in grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of
structure typically containing more than one word (Crystal, 2008: 367). Then,
phrase is a group of words which makes a sentence who comprise with several
words. Sentence is “group of words that express a statement, question, and etc”
(Bull, 2009:400). Thus, a sentence refers to set of words to convey statement,
introgation and so on.
According to Stanley and Richard (1980:221), “a
clause is any grammatical construction which contains a subject and predicate
relationship”. Meanwhile, Oshima and Hogue (1991: 154) define that ”a clause is
the building blocks of sentences at least contains a subject and a verb”. Frank
(1972: 222) “divides clauses into dependent and independent clauses”. According
to Stanley and Richard (1980:221) an independent clause is a clause which is
capable of standing alone is a sentence. Then, Oshima and Hogue (1991: 155)
state that “a dependent clause begins with subordinator such as when, while, if, that, who, followed by
a subject, verb and complement”. According to Oshima and Hogue (1991: 155) “a
dependent clause can be divided into three, namely noun clause, adjective
clause and adverbial clause”.
According to Wishon and
Burks (1980:165) “Adjective clauses are usually introduced by the relative
pronouns who, whom, whose, which and that. These relative pronouns function
in noun positions in the clauses they introduce”. They also said that
“adjective clauses may also be introduced by the subordinate conjunctions when, where and why”. Relative clause is also called an adjective clause. Relative
clause is a part of noun phrase’s post-modifiers. According to leech (2006:100)
“a relative clause normally acts as a modifier in a noun phrase and gives
information about the head of preceding part of the noun phrase”. A relative
clause comes after noun head and gives more information about it. Relative
clauses cannot stand by itself as a sentence, because it is a dependent clause.
Relative clause must be connected with an independent clause. Frank (1972: 276)
said that the introductory words of adjective clauses refer to relative
pronoun: who, whom, that, which, that
and relative adverb: when, where and why.
Thus, introductory words refer to relative pronouns and relative adverbs.
In introductory words of relative clauses there are
relative pronoun and relative adverb. Relative pronoun is one that is usually used to introduce the dependent
clause. Acoording
to Biber (2002:282) states that “relative clause can be formed using eight
different relativizers. Five of these are relative pronouns: which, who, whom, whose and that. The other three relativisers are relative adverbs: where, when and why. Relative
adverb
is one that is usually used
to introduce the dependent clause. A dependent clause also has a
conjunction that is called relative adverb. Relative adverb also part of
adjective clause because it is used to connect noun with adjective clause.
According to Frank (1972: 277) besides relative pronouns, an adjective clauses
are also introduced by relative adverbs when,
where and why.
The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that and relative adverbs
are when, where and why. According to Frank (1972: 276) “an adjective clause may be classified
according tto the antecedent that introductory word refers to”. Introductory words of relative clauses have many functions in use of sentence. Relative
clauses or relative pronouns
are not only word that has function or usually used to introduce the dependent
clause,
but also connective to a
sentence that cannot stand by itself as a sentence. The
introductory words of relative clauses also performs one of three function in
adjective clause itself.
The functions of introductory words of relative
clauses are: nominal function (imitates the function of noun), adjectival
function (imitates the function of adjective) and adverbial function (imitates
the function of adverb). The
classifications the function of relative pronouns as follows:
a) Nominal
Function
Relative
pronouns first function as the nominal functions. Nominal
functions take from the branches of dependent clause that is noun clause. A noun clause is a dependent clause
or a subordinator clause used as a noun and functions as a noun in sentence. A
noun clause can perform as a subject, a direc object and subject complement,
but the structure are changed by the edition of special introductory word
(conjunction). The chief conjunctions are that,
who, and which. For example:
(a) I
thanked the woman who helped me.
(Azar, 2002: 268).
The
relative pronoun in sentence (a) is a relative pronoun that
has function as nominal functions.
Who
is adjective clause modifies the noun woman.
Who replace nouns and pronouns that
refer to people it can not replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals and
things. Who also replaces a pronoun “she” and it acts as a subject.
b)
Adjective function
Relative
pronouns secondly function as an adjective function. An adjective clause is any clause
which performs the function of an adjective. According to Stanley and Richard
(1980: 224), an adjective clause ia a clause which begins with one of the
relative pronouns such as: that, which,
who, whom, and whose. An adjective clause or relative clause is introduced
by relative pronoun or relative adverb (when, where, and why), it functions as
an adjective. It modifies or describes a noun or pronoun in the independent
clause. For exampe:
(a)
The man whom I wanted to see was away on
vacation. (Murphy, 1985:170)
The
relative pronouns in sentence (a) whom
is used to describe the object the man. It has function as adjective. The relative pronoun whom as object refers to person or pet.
c) Adverbial
function
Relative
pronouns thirdly function as an adverbial function. An adverbial clause is any clause
which performs the functions of an adverb. Stanley and Richard (1980: 222)
define as adverbial clause is a clause which modifies either the entire
dependent clause or its predicate. According to Oshima amd Hogue (1991: 195),
an adverbial clause is a dependent clause which is introduced by adverbial
subordinators. Adverbials are the most peripheral of the clause of the clause
elements subject (S), verb phrase (V), object (O), complement (C) and adverbial
(A) which make up the structure of a clause. Thus, an adverbial is a word,
phrase, or clause that modifies an entire clause by providing additional
information about condition, concession, manner, reason, result, place, or
time. For example:
(a) The
man that I saw was Mr.John (Azar,
2002: 268).
The
relative pronoun in sentence (a) is a relative pronoun that
has function as adverbial function. That
is adjective clause that has fuction as the object of adverb saw.
Every form of relative
pronouns has its own functions, the functions of relative pronoun not only to
introduce a dependent clause and as connective to independent clause. But, also
has other three functions. They are: nominal function, adjective function and
adverbial function.
So,
the objectives of this research are find the forms and to describe the functions
of introductory words of relative clauses in sparkling magazine 18th edition.
The reason for choosing this topic because many people learn English sometimes translate a sentence
word by word.
Some of them assume that relative pronouns can be used as a question word. But
in fact, introductory words in relative clauses are not to use as question word
but it used to introduce the dependent clause.
Methodology
According to Sudaryanto (1986: 63), there are two
types of research namely quantitative research and qualitative research.
Quantitative research is a research includes any type of research based on the
percentage, averange, chi-square and other statiscal computations. Qualitative
research ia a research procedure that results in descriptive data in written
and spoken forms in the language comunity. From the statement, the writer uses
the qualitative as the type of research.
Introductory words in relative clauses are something that will be analyzed
in this study. Therefore, the data of this research are the sentences in
Sparkling magazine 18th edition. The writer present the data from “Sparkling
magazine 18th edition” because the data are written form. Beside locational
source is dealing with a place, person, book or document that provides
information exist. In this case, the locational source are taken from sparkling
magazine 18th edition that produced by English Education Study Program
students.
There are two kinds of methods to collect the data in
linguistics research; they are metode
simak or observing method and metode
cakap or interviewing method”. Thus on technique of gathering data, the
writer used observing method and and note technique to be gathered the data.
The writer uses observing method to find sentences having introductory words of
relative clauses in sparkling magazine 18th edition.
Sudaryanto (1993: 14) states that “There are three methods to
analyze data”. They are metode padan
or identifying method, metode agih or
distributional method, and metode
reflektif-introspektif or reflctive-introspektive method. The writer uses
distributional method or metode agih
to analyze the forms and functions of introductory words of relative clauses as
found in Sparkling magazine 18th edition.
Finding
and Discussion
The writer applies some examples of datum to
describe the forms and the functions of introductory words of relative clauses
in Sparkling magazine which will be discussed in the following section.
(1)
So,
it can be concluded that the construction of a drainage ditch as a system
component is not a priority, this happens because the area which functioned as a public road is very limited. (18th Edition,
January 2016)
Datum
(1) is a datum from Sparkling magazine that consists of an introductory word of
relative clause with the relative pronoun which.
The relative pronoun which in datum
(1) functions as subject of that clause and it is used to replace the subject the area. It has nominal function because
it imitates the function of noun that is as subject. Datum (1) has two original
sentences: (a) So, it can be concluded
that the construction of a drainage ditch as a system component is not a
priority , this happens because the area
is very limited (b) The area
functioned as a public road. Thus,
the relative clause in that sentence is introduced by the relative pronoun which that functions as a subject.
(2)
So,
people just put the trash in a certain place which is provided in front of
their house and then transported to the landfill by workers who have been determined. (18th Edition,
January 2016)
Datum
(2) is a datum from Sparkling magazine that consists of an introductory word of
relative clause with the relative pronoun who.
The relative pronoun who is used to
describe a person as subject of the clauses. The relative pronoun who in datum (2) is used to replace workers. It functions as subject of that
clause. It has nominal function because it imitates the function of noun that
is as subject. Datum (2) has two original sentences: (a) So, people just put the trash in a certain place which is provided in
front of their house and then transported to the landfill by workers (b) Workers have been determined. Thus, the
relative clause in that sentence is introduced by the relative pronoun who and which. But, the discussion in Datum (2) only focusses on relative
pronoun who that function as a
subject.
(3)
It
also has been widely applied in large cities that have problems in
settlement such as Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya. (18th Edition, January 2016)
Datum
(3) is a datum from Sparkling magazine that consists of an introductory word of
relative clause with the relative pronoun that.
The relative pronoun that is used to
describe a person and thing. The relative pronoun in datum (3) functions as
subject of that clause and it is used to
substitute large cities. It has
nominal function because it imitates the function of noun that is as subject.
Datum (3) has two original sentences: (a)
It also has been widely applied in large cities (b) Large cities have problems in settlement such as Jakarta, Bandung, and
Surabaya.Thus, the relative clause in that sentence is introduced by the
relative pronoun that which function
as a subject.
(4)
There
are settlements around Code river where particular societies in medium
and low economic level live there (18th Edition, January 2016)
Datum
(4) is a datum from Sparkling magazine that consists of an introductory word of
relative clause with the relative adverb where.
The relative adverb where refers to
adverb of place. The relative adverb where may be interchangeable with a
preposition of place plus which, as
in sentence There are settlements around which (=where) particular societies in medium and low
economic level live there. The relative adverb where in datum (4) functions to modify a verb live. The relative adverb where
in datum (4) is used to replace around Code river. Datum (4) has two original sentences: (a) There are settlements around Code river
(b) Particular societies in medium and
low economic level live there around code river. Thus, the relative clause
in that sentence is introduced by the relative adverb where. It has adverbial function because it imitates the function
of an adverb that is to modify a verb.
(5)
This
is the reason why the water in the
waterfall is everlasting. (18th Edition, January 2016)
Datum (5) is a
datum from Sparkling magazine that consists of an introductory word of relative
clause with the relative adverb why.
The relative adverb why refers to a
reason. The relative adverb why may
be interchangeable with that or it
may be omitted, as in sentence This is
the reason (that) the water in the
waterfall is everlasting. In datum (5) the relative adverb why is used to substitute the noun
phrase the reason. The relative
clause in datum (5) why the water in the
waterfall is everlasting is used to modify the reason. Datum (5) has
two original sentences: (a) This is the
reason (b) The reason is that the
water in the waterfall is everlasting. Based on the original sentence (b)
it can switch to a noun clause, because the word that functions as introductory word in a noun clause. But, in datum
(5) it is relative clause, because the relative adverb why replace the noun phrase the
reason. Thus, the relative clause in that sentence is introduced by the
relative adverb why. It has adverbial
function because it imitates the function of adverb that is to modify the
adverb of reason. Related to the existence of two possible clauses in the datum
(5), the discussion only focuses on why
as the relative clause that is not replaced with that. Although, the relative adverb why may be interchangeable with that
in the original sentence above.
Conclusion
Based on the discussion
above, the conclusion can be drowned as follows. The writer finds that there
are the forms of introductory words of relative clauses that found in Sparkling
Magazine 18th Edition, they are: three forms of relative pronouns and two form
of relative adverbs, they are which
(to modify or replace noun “things”), who
(to modify or replace noun “person”), that
(to modify or replace both of them either things and persons) where (to modify or replace a place) and
why (to modify or replace a reason).
Two
functions of introductory words of relative clauses that found in Sparkling
magazine are nominal functions (imitates the function of a noun), adjectival
functions(imitates the function of an adjective).
References
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